This research topic focuses on the historical development of sociology as a field of knowledge, emphasizing the study and teaching of both classic and contemporary authors, from Brazil and abroad. It encompasses research on established themes and thinkers from sociological tradition and social theory, as well as emerging topics and authors who challenge and extend this tradition. In constant dialogue with other research topics and the diverse projects undertaken within the program, this area prioritizes critical, systematic, and in-depth reflection on various theoretical perspectives and expressions of social thought. It examines their contradictions, challenges, and connections to historical processes and sociological methodologies. By fostering rigorous theoretical inquiry, this topic aims to advance sociological thought and encourage innovative contributions to the discipline.